Foresters' beliefs about farmers: a priority for social science research in social forestry

This study suggests that one of the most productive (and most neglected) uses of social science research in forestry development projects is to examine foresters' beliefs regarding rural peoples. This suggestion is illustrated with data from the Forestry Planning and Development Project, Pakistan's first nation-wide social forestry project.The operational component of this project, intended to assist small farmers to cultivate trees on their farmlands, ran into immediate difficulties. Many of the foresters involved insisted that small farmers were simply not interested in tree cultivation. A comprehensive base-line study subsequently was carried out to examine the validity of this belief. The results of this study (confirmed by the subsequent experience with the project in the field) varied markedly from the foresters' beliefs.While many of the foresters believed small farmers were opposed to having trees on their farms and would not agree to plant trees under the project, most farmers already had trees on their farms and expressed interest in planting more; while many foresters believed farmers would only be interested in planting large blocks of market-oriented exotics, most farmers requested small plantings of multi-purpose native trees; while many foresters believed farmers would plant trees only for market sale, most farmers requested trees to meet household needs for fuel and timber; and while many foresters did not think that increasing supplies of fuelwood could reduce the burning of dung, all of the evidence provided by the farmers suggested that it would.The disparity between farmer reality and forester belief is attributed to failures on the part of both foresters and social scientists — failure by foresters to distinguish their non-empirical beliefs about farmers from their empirically-based knowledge of trees, and failure by social scientists to recognize the belief systems of foresters as a legitimate and important object of study. Their study comprises three parts: finding out what the foresters think the farmers want, finding out from the farmers what they actually want, and then analyzing and explaining the differences.     

滇金丝猴栖息地植物多样性研究

采用路线调查与标准地调查相结合的方法,结合历史资料,对滇金丝猴栖息地的野生植物资源进行了实地野外调查研究,分析了植物多样性及其受威胁状况。结果表明:(1)栖息地具有丰富的植物物种多样性,有维管束植物217科789属3533种(含亚种、变种),其中,国家重点保护野生植物有117种;(2)该区植物区系成分具有复杂性、多样性,明显偏重于温带性质、且植物区系起源古老,有中国特有分布属90个,其中,古特有属59个;(3)该区具有丰富的植被类型,包括4个植被型组,10个植被型,47个群系,具有较高的保护和科研价值。同时针对栖息地植物多样性受威胁状况,提出了植被恢复、生态移民及社区共管是保护植物多样性的有效措施。     

论凉山干热河谷区种植芦荟的生态优越性

论述四川凉山干热河谷区(安宁河谷、金沙江河谷)栽培库拉索芦荟优越的生态条件,提出丰产栽培技术要点和种植区划。     

Relationships between larch growth and forest site factors

Dahurian larch (Larix gmelinii Rupr.) Rupr is one of the dominant species in both natural and man-made forests in northeast China. Effects of site factors, including topography, soil properties and nutrient elements (P, Ca, K, Mg, Mn, Zn, Cu, Ag, Co and Ni) on the growth of larch were analyzed in detail, qualitatively and quantitatively. The ordination technique was used to group the site factors and to classify sites for larch. Analysis indicated that height growth, diameter (DBH) and volume of the larch varied among site types and this will be of theoretical and practical significance in developing larch plantations.     

超声波辅助提取红松仁油

近年来,超声波辅助提取已成为天然产物分离中一种有效的方法.本文研究了利用超声波辅助提取技术从红松仁中提取红松仁油的工艺条件,系统分析了超声频率、提取温度、提取时间和料液比等参数对红松仁油提取率的影响.结果表明,最佳的提取条件为:超声频率为32 000 Hz,超声温度为80 ℃,超声时间为50 min,料液比为1:30.     

用热扩散式茎流计测定园林树木蒸腾耗水量

采用热扩散式边材液流探针和环境自动监测系统对北京3种园林树木的树干液流及主要环境因子进行了一个生长季的同步观测.结果表明,3树种树干液流的日变化呈明显的单峰曲线,晴天的液流速率大于多云天和阴天,紫叶李和悬铃木的日耗水量明显大于元宝枫;对不同天气3树种每h的液流速率与相应的环境因子进行逐步回归分析.结果显示,影响3树种液流速率的主要环境因子是空气温度、空气相对湿度、辐射强度和5 cm土层温度,在不同天气里起主导作用的因子不同,环境因子与树干液流之间的数量关系能较好地预测树木的蒸腾耗水量.     

Above- and belowground biomass measurements in an unthinned stand of Sitka spruce (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Picea sitchensis</Emphasis> (Bong) Carr.)

Reporting carbon (C) stocks in tree biomass (above- and belowground) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) should be transparent and verifiable. The development of nationally specific data is considered ‘good practice’ to assist in meeting these reporting requirements. From this study, biomass functions were developed for estimating above- and belowground C stock in a 19-year-old stand of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong) Carr.). Our estimates were then tested against current default values used for reporting in Ireland and literature equations. Ten trees were destructively sampled to develop aboveground and tree component biomass equations. The roots were excavated and a root:shoot (R) ratio developed to estimate belowground biomass. Application of the total aboveground biomass function yielded a C stock estimate for the stand of 74 tonnes C ha⁻¹, with an uncertainty of 7%. The R ratio was determined to be 0.23, with an uncertainty of 10%. The C stock estimate of the belowground biomass component was then calculated to be 17 tonnes C ha⁻¹, with an uncertainty of 12%. The equivalent C stock estimate from the biomass expansion factor (BEF) method, applying Ireland’s currently reported default values for BEF (inclusive of belowground biomass), wood density and C concentration and methods for estimating volume, was found to be 60 tonnes C ha⁻¹, with an uncertainty of 26%. We found that volume tables, currently used for determining merchantable timber volume in Irish forestry conditions, underestimated volume since they did not extend to the yield of the forest under investigation. Mean stock values for belowground biomass compared well with that generated using published models.     

辣椒全基因组WRKY转录因子的分析

基于已公布的辣椒全基因组数据,利用生物信息学方法对辣椒WRKY转录因子家族进行全面鉴定和系统命名,并在此基础上对基因分类、染色体定位、系统进化关系和结构域序列保守性进行了研究。结果表明:辣椒CaWRKY家族包含71个基因,根据WRKY结构域的数量及锌指结构的特征可将其分为GroupⅠ、GroupⅡ和GroupⅢ等3大类,GroupⅡ又可分为Ⅱ(a)、Ⅱ(b)、Ⅱ(c)、Ⅱ(d)和Ⅱ(e)等5个亚类。辣椒12条染色体上均有WRKY转录因子分布,其中第1号染色体上分布最多,共有10个,第4号染色体上分布最少,仅有2个。辣椒每类/亚类WRKY几乎含有相同的保守基序。辣椒WRKY编码的蛋白在132~869个氨基酸范围内,平均氨基酸数量为373个。     

Preparation of recombinant PTD-HSP27 and verification of its ability to penetrate the cell membrane of human lens epithelial cells and rabbit cornea

AIM: To construct the prokaryotic expression system containing protein transduction domain (PTD) with heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) in order to prepare and purify the recombinant protein, and to verify whether the recombinant protein PTD-HSP27 has the ability to penetrate the human lens epithelial cell (HLEC) membrane and the rabbit cornea. METHODS: The plasmid pKYB-PTD-HSPB1-6His was constructed by the technique of overlap extension PCR. The plasmid was transformed and PTD-HSP27 was purified through nickel affinity chromatography column and identified by Western blotting. PTD-HSP27-6His was labeled with the fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC). The penetrating ability of PTD-HSP27 into HLECs and rabbit cornea was tested. RESULTS: The recombinant PTD-HSP27 plasmid was successfully cloned and effectively expressed. The correctness of the recombinant protein PTD-HSP27 was demonstrated. Fluorescence microscopic examination showed that PTD-HSP27-FITC was internalized by HLECs. Fluorescent labeled PTD-HSP27 was then observed in the rabbit aqueous humor. CONCLUSION: The recombined gene PTD-HSPB1 was constructed by overlap extension PCR technique and the PTD-HSP27 fusion protein was prepared and purified by nickel affinity chromatography column. Using the technique of PTD-fusion protein, HSP27 was transduced into HLECs and passed through the cornea.     

番茄疮痂病生物防治研究进展

番茄疮痂病是世界范围内普遍发生的一种细菌性病害,主要为害番茄和辣椒,严重影响其产量与品质。本文综述了国内外利用植物根际促生菌(PGPR)、突变菌株(Mutant)、噬菌体(Phage)、其他生防菌及活性剂等生防因子防治番茄疮痂病的研究进展,并对该病害生物防治存在的问题和发展前景进行了探讨。